General information
Ever since the early days of the offshore industry, the Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring (CALM) buoy has been a succesfull system for importing and exporting of oil. Initially, these buoys were moored in relatively shallow water at near shore locations, often in very harsh wave conditions. In recent years the use of CALM buoys for offloading crude oil from FPSOs in deep water, for example at a number of West of Africa oil fields, is becoming more and more common. .

Here, the environmental conditions are more mild, but the water depth is a complicating factor


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